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They were found in excavations or in surviving earlier pieces of jewellery and traded across Europe. The scorpion had an enduring reputation as a protective amulet. 

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This scorpion etching dates from the 2nd or 1st century BC but has been reused in a medieval ring. Carved Greek or Roman stones were highly valued in the middle ages. 

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Particular types of stone were thought to protect against specific ailments or threats, ranging from toothache to the evil eye. They could also encourage or banish such characteristics as bravery or melancholy. 

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Renaissance jewellery

The ancient art of gem engraving was revived and the use of portraits reflected another cultural trend - an increased artistic awareness of the individual.

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The designs reflect the new-found interest in the classical world, with mythological figures and scenes becoming popular.

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The enormous importance of religion in everyday life could be seen in jewellery, as could earthly power - many spectacular pieces were worn as a display of political strength.

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Renaissance jewels shared the age's passion for splendour. Enamels, often covering both sides of the jewel, became more elaborate and colourful and advances in cutting techniques increased the glitter of stones.

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The scenes on the lid show the Instruments of the Passion - scourge, whip, lance, sponge and nails - which were used during the Crucifixion. A tiny fragment of one of them may have formed a relic, stored within the cross’s now empty interior. Pearls symbolised purity, and the red gems may have symbolised sacrificial blood shed by Christ.

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The images decorating the back of this cross were often used as a focus for meditation in the late medieval period.

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Enamels - ground glasses fired at high temperature onto a metal surface - allowed goldsmiths to colour their designs on jewellery. They used a range of techniques to create effects that are still widely used today.

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Until the late 14th century, gems were usually polished rather than cut. Size and lustrous colour determined their value.

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The jewellery worn in medieval Europe reflected an intensely hierarchical and status-conscious society. Royalty and the nobility wore gold, silver and precious gems. Lower ranks of society wore base metals, such as copper or pewter. Colour (provided by precious gems and enamel) and protective power were highly valued. Some jewels have cryptic or magical inscriptions, believed to protect the wearer.

Euro Jewellery Fashion : U K White Gold Necklace Earring Jewellery Fashion....

Euro Jewellery Fashion : U K White Gold Necklace Earring Jewellery Fashion....: By Farzana. Collar known as The Shannongrove Gorget, maker unknown, late Bronze Age (probably 800-700 BC), Ireland. Museum no. M.35-19...

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By Farzana.

Collar known as The Shannongrove Gorget, maker unknown, late Bronze Age (probably 800-700 BC), Ireland. Museum no. M.35-1948. © Victoria & Albert Museum, London

Medieval jewellery 1200–1500

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On the inner side of the collar, under each of the circular terminals, is a hole. The collar probably rested on the chest and was held in place by a chain running between the two holes and passing round the back of the neck.

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This collar was found in a bog in Shannongrove, Co. Limerick, Ireland, sometime before 1783. We do not know what it was used for, but it was probably a ceremonial collar.

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 Much archaeological jewellery comes from tombs and hoards. Sometimes, as with the gold collars from Celtic Ireland which have been found folded in half, it appears people may have followed a ritual for the disposal of jewellery

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Beautiful Diamond Jewellery Necklace In London.

By Farzana

Gold, a rare and highly valued material, was buried with the dead so as to accompany its owner into the afterlife.

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Uk Party Jewellery Gold Necklace Earring Bracelet.

By Farzana.

In the ancient world the discovery of how to work metals was an important stage in the development of the art of jewellery. Over time, metalworking techniques became more sophisticated and decoration more intricate.

Grade Stone Fashion Jewellery Necklace.

Grade Stone Fashion Jewellery Necklace.

By Farzana Aamir.

Jewellery is a universal form of adornment. Jewellery made from shells, stone and bones survives from prehistoric times. It is likely that from an early date it was worn as a protection from the dangers of life or as a mark of status or rank